The theme that is brought up early in this play is fate and predestination Essay Example For Students

The theme that is brought up early in this play is fate and predestination Essay The theme that is brought up early in this play is fate and predestination. This was very much part of the Protestant belief at the time of Macbeth. Ones future was mapped out to a certain extent ultimately leading to salvation or damnation. In Macbeths case it was damnation and failure. This theme was displayed early in the play. Macbeth and Banquo have recently been in a tough battle with rebels and have won the victory for Scotland. Duncan rewards Macbeth for his courage by giving him the title Thane of Cawdor. This title previously belonged to one who was a most disloyal traitor so it seems Macbeth was destined to become one himself. But Duncan himself does not tell Macbeth. He is told by three witches he meets on the lonely moor. Macbeth is surprised to be told by the witches but even more so when they proclaim he will be King: We will write a custom essay on The theme that is brought up early in this play is fate and predestination specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Act 1 Scene 3 First Witch All hail Macbeth, hail to thee, Thane of Glamis Second Witch All hail Macbeth, hail to thee, Thane of Cawdor Third Witch All hail Macbeth, that shall be King here after. However, certain issues must be raised. The question has to be asked à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Are the witches predicting his future or are they trying to manipulate him into doing something he would regret? The witches may have been told by someone about Macbeth receiving the honour of being Thane of Cawdor before the information got to him. Macbeth was destined to fail as soon as he thought about being King. Thinking about being would have made him exercise thoughts about killing Duncan in order to be King more quickly. In those days it was believed that the Monarch was appointed by God and therefore any attempt to usurp the Monarch was sacrilegious. This is made clear to us when Duncans sons discover their father dead. McDuff says: Act 2 Scene 3 Confusion now hath made his masterpiece Most sacrilegious murder hath broke ope The Lords appointed temple and stole thence The life othbuilding. McDuff says that the life of the Lords anointed temple has been stolen. He means that Duncan was the life of God and this life was stolen because he is dead. This shows a strong belief that Kings were appointed by God. This belief is called The Divine Rights of Monarchs and once again shows that Macbeth was destined to fail when he killed Duncan. Macbeths moral dilemma when considering murdering Duncan, and the religious terminology he uses illustrates how he knows that the act he is considering is immoral and that he will be punished accordingly. However he is still seduced by offers of greatness. He says: Act 1 Scene 7 But in these cases We still have judgement here that we but teach Bloody instructions, which being taught, return To plague thinventor Even  though he will receive greatness for murdering Duncan, it will come back to haunt him or he might even be killed himself. This once again shows that Macbeth was destined to fail. It is obvious to us that Macbeth is attracted to the idea of murdering Duncan but he knows it is an evil act: Act 2 Scene 1 Nature seems deadà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ wicked dreamsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Witchcraft celebrates Pale Hecates offringà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Withered murderà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ wolfà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ howlsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Tarquins Ravishing stridesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ ghost All of these things represent evil and it shows what was going through Macbeths mind. Even still he contemplated murdering Duncan. This shows that he was once again destined to fail. .ua56470838a8cb65cb3855bb23b1113a4 , .ua56470838a8cb65cb3855bb23b1113a4 .postImageUrl , .ua56470838a8cb65cb3855bb23b1113a4 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ua56470838a8cb65cb3855bb23b1113a4 , .ua56470838a8cb65cb3855bb23b1113a4:hover , .ua56470838a8cb65cb3855bb23b1113a4:visited , .ua56470838a8cb65cb3855bb23b1113a4:active { border:0!important; } .ua56470838a8cb65cb3855bb23b1113a4 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ua56470838a8cb65cb3855bb23b1113a4 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ua56470838a8cb65cb3855bb23b1113a4:active , .ua56470838a8cb65cb3855bb23b1113a4:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ua56470838a8cb65cb3855bb23b1113a4 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ua56470838a8cb65cb3855bb23b1113a4 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ua56470838a8cb65cb3855bb23b1113a4 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ua56470838a8cb65cb3855bb23b1113a4 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ua56470838a8cb65cb3855bb23b1113a4:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ua56470838a8cb65cb3855bb23b1113a4 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ua56470838a8cb65cb3855bb23b1113a4 .ua56470838a8cb65cb3855bb23b1113a4-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ua56470838a8cb65cb3855bb23b1113a4:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: How effectively does Harper Lee present the children and growing up in To Kill A Mockingbird EssayThe murder of Duncan and the upsetting of the pre-ordained order is illustrated symbolically by the in incident with the owl and the falcon: Act 2 Scene 4 old man Tis unnatural, Even like the deed thats done on Tuesday last At a falcon tow ring in her pride of place Was by a mousing owl hawked at and killed This is showing that the less powerful and important is killing the more powerful and important. It is a parallel to Macbeth killing Duncan. Macbeth usurped Duncans position and this is unnatural or wrong occurrence. Macbeth is defying the natural order and therefore defying God therefore he will be punished and this punishment will be failure. This manifestation of Gods will was central to the belief system of Low Church Christians in the early 17th Century, of which James I was one. This play serves as a warning to those wanting to kill the monarch at the time of the play. The Gunpowder Plot is referred to at the beginning of Act 2 Scene 3: Knock, knock. Whos there in thother devils name? Faith, heres an equivocator that could swear in both the Scales against either scale, who committed treason Enough for Gods sake, yet could not equivocate to Heaven. O, come in, equivocator. The Porter seems to be referring to the Jesuit father Garnet, who tried to save his life with his specious arguments but who was executed in 1606 for complicity in the Gunpowder Plot. He especially refers to the Jesuit priests equivocal oaths when he says for Gods sake. The plotters were condemned and this is parallel to Macbeth being condemned à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" his madness and suffering along with that of his wife are symbolic of the punishment awaiting the traitors. His punishment comes in several ways. Firstly he cannot sleep at night, secondly he keeps visualising the ghost of Banquo and thirdly and ultimately he himself is killed. James I defeating the plotters and Malcom and McDuff defeating Macbeth are examples of the theme good versus evil. If good were not to prevail then the whole socio-cultural fabric that underpinned 17th Century life would be destroyed making society unstable. This is proved in the years following  the death of James I. His successor Charles I was impeached and he was eventually executed after the Civil War. Also the governments of the Interregnum and the Protectorate had failed.

politics 17th century europe essays

politics 17th century europe essays The two journals that I chose to use for my reviews were History and Theory: Studies in the Philosophy of History published at Wesleyan University, and Renaissance Forum. I will be looking at two reviews of historical Books written about two very different places and themes. The first Book entitled Marxist Historians and the Question of Class in the French Revolution by Jack Amariglio and Bruce Norton, looks at life before during and after the French revolution tries to explain the causes and Dynamics of the Revolution itself. The article evaluates the importance of the Classes in defining the revolution. The reviewer says that the book while taking care consideration to explain the nature of the revolution could have used a much more respectable and justified foundation for its research than Marxist theory. The reviewer states that the complexity of their explanations while admirable causes much confusion throughout the book. This complexity stems from their loose, multiple, and often contradictory notions of class influenced partly by Joseph Barnaves stage theory of pre revolutionary France and by Vulgar Marxism. This review would be useful in deciding whether or not the book is worth reading. It does not however, provide enough background or synopses of the book itself to be used as a research tool. The review of the Book Political Culture and Cultural Politics in Early Modern Europe, takes quite a different approach to the task of criticism. It gives a lengthy background on the book itself and provides in detail many of the theories upon which the book is based. The review breaks the book down almost by chapter and theory discussing each one for validity. The author of the review Mark Stoyle of University of South Hampton takes a fresh approach to the often-monotonous task of Book reviewing. His opening line Whenever I hear the word culture...I ...

Culture's impact on a leader Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Culture's impact on a leader - Essay Example Notwithstanding this observation, Venezuela could also benefit from being a collectivistic society compared to Germany’s individualistic. In the interview conducted with the colleague from Venezuela, people in this country tend to measure success based on the quality of life as opposed to personal achievements. The results from this interview were confirmed by Hofstede’s results whereby the level of individualism in Venezuela is a low 12, meaning it is more of a collectivistic society. As a result, a leader in Venezuela understands that their success will be determined mainly by the impact they cause on others. In contrast, Germany is individualistic and tends to elevate competition. Being a German, the result is factual and has been backed by Hofstede’s 67 scores.Mostly, a leader in Venezuela could be limited if they do not understand that the power distance is high, meaning employees might not freely relate with them. Consequently, the concerns and opinions rai sed by the workers might not be taken seriously. On the other hand, the Germans can help their leader because of the interaction boosted by the culture of equality. Nonetheless, the Germans’ tendency to be individualistic might be detrimental to teamwork when competition becomes a norm. A high individualistic society tends to care primarily for close relatives alone specifically parents and spouses compared to a collectivistic one. Therefore, the level of success for leaders in both Venezuela and Germany will significantly depend on their understanding of how culture influences effectiveness.

The Right Stuff Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Right Stuff - Essay Example he story as seen through the eyes of the astronauts and in doing so eloquently illustrates the wide range of emotions and qualities it takes to attain the Right Stuff. By exposing the reader to the world of the astronauts, their families, the danger they faced, and their almost unlimited quiet bravado Wolfe is able to describe and define what is meant by the Right Stuff. The astronauts of the 1960s and 1970s where a study in contrast as Wolfe so aptly portrays them in his book. They were the highest public personas in America during that time. They were sought after and idolized. They were admired for their bravery and respected for their courage. Yet, they were family men with a healthy respect for religion and the values of America. The Right Stuff has often been seen as the ability to look death in the face and not blink, but it was more the ability to keep their head when the world around them had gone insane. The Right Stuff was a brotherhood of men that understood their place in history before the history was written and humbly accepted their place in it. When integrated, these characteristics became what Wolfe referred to as the Right Stuff. The Right Stuff was not the bravado and over-confidence of men doing feats of skill and daring that was right out of science fiction. The Right Stuff was the ability to remain human in the face of these s uperhuman events. Wolfe gives the reader an indication of what the Right Stuff is early in the book. Wolfe writes, "...herein the world was divided into those that had it and those that did not. This quality, this it, was never named, however, nor was it talked about in any way" (24). The Right Stuff was a special personality trait that could not be easily described. Those that had it knew it, and those that did not also knew it. They knew who belonged to each club. It could be readily recognized and noted, but definition was more elusive. The quality is known to exist, but less is known about its substance. The

Lizardo versus Denny Inc Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Lizardo versus Denny Inc - Research Paper Example Moreover, the restaurant staff allowed him to return to the restaurant. Though it is impossible for the court to find whether the person exhibited disruptive conduct inside the restaurant as there is no complaint from the restaurant manager, it is clear that after the brawl the management had no problem allowing him to enter the restaurant even though the white patron had tried to grab the security officer’s gun. Â  Admittedly, the role of security guard had a great effect in the case. First of all, security effectively proved the absence of racial discrimination by not taking part in the brawl outside the restaurant and calling 911 instead. Secondly, it is common for security guards to escort people out. So, Lizardo, evidently drunk, lost the right to claim racial discrimination as it was done by the security and as it was done inside the restaurant. Thirdly, the presence of police and the non-interference of the restaurant security was sufficient to prove that the plaintiffs were in an inebriated condition and extremely violent to allow entry into the restaurant. Â  Evidently, the decision by the court was good considering the absence of solid evidence for race discrimination. First of all, though the defendants failed to greet the plaintiffs on their coming, that evidence is not sufficient ground to prove that the intention was racial discrimination. Secondly, it was accepted that there were other Asian Americans and African Americans getting served in the restaurant. Again, the plaintiffs lose the chance to show that there was discrimination based on race. Â  Furthermore, it is evident that the restaurant staff was not involved in the brawl outside the restaurant.

The Process Of Brewing Beer

The Process Of Brewing Beer Beer is the worlds ancient and most generally consumed alcoholic beverage and the third most popular drink overall after water and tea. The word beer comes from the Latin word bibere, meaning to drink. It is produced by the brewing and fermentation of starches, mainly derived from cereal grains predominantly malted barley, although wheat, maize (corn), and rice are widely used. Maximum beer is flavored with hops, which enhance bitterness and also acts as a natural preservative, nevertheless other flavorings such as herbs or fruit may rarely be included. The chemical equation beneath sum up to form beer: C6H12O6 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 2 CH3CH2OH + 2 CO2 History The history of beer making is a story of creation, dedication and honor. While wine making is a very old art that probably invented with the Phoenicians some 2,600 years ago, the art of beer making is said to be older than that of farming. Around 10,000 and 15,000 years ago, women were known to collect wild grain and utilize it to make beer by fermentation which would dependent on spontaneous air borne yeast. Along the birth of civilization correspondingly originated the skilled beer brewing. The Sumerians in around 6,000 years old developed different varieties by soaking barley bread in water. Around 4000 years ago seal, of a Goddess of brewing Hymn to Ninkasi was found in Sumerians period. In which hymn is also a process for making beer. The Babylonians around 2000 years later brought forth several further varieties. Babylonians also distributed and exported the beer and above all, there were laws on the beer. For example the king used to decide the quantity of beer that a person can consume. Beer in that was also sold on barter system. After Babylonians, Egyptians carried on the custom of beer brewing. They also developed many different varieties of beer by adding dates and other fruits. Greeks and Romans carried the tradition of beer brewing as the capture on the Egyptians. In Roman Empire beer was drank in some parts where there was no wine available. Beer of that time could not be s tored and there was no yeast introduced yet. As the culture of barley spread in in north and west, the beer brewing also grabbed attention. After that period, slowly beer brewing reached the entire world and also developed because of trade, wars, and modernization of world. Process of beer brewing The simplest way to describe the process of beer making is fermentation of Malted barley, hops, water and yeast. But sometimes to give beer a specific flavor, ingredients like wheat, maize (corn), rice, fruit, dry fruit and spices are introduced and this dependence on the region where the beer is produced. If the process is considered in detail beer brewing has different stages like malting, milling, mashing, brewing, cooling, fermentation which is followed by maturation, filtering (finishing) and packaging. What is barley? Barley is a towering grass and on the top of the stalk it has got seeds. Barley is not used for baking because it does not form good dough nevertheless it is good for brewing beer. Barley is available numerous strains and ranges that eventually influence the flavor of the beer. Malting Malting is the first step of beer making. In this process barley is prepared to be used in brewing. Barley cannot be used directly to produce the wert since the starch in its floury kernels is insoluble. As the process of malting progress it exposes the starches present in the barley. The first step is Steeping in malting in which grain is soaked in a barrel of water for approximately 40 hours. The second step is germination of the barley grain and for the grain to germinate it is spread on the flat surface in the sprouting room for roughly three to five days where the formation of rootlets instigated. The germination process produces the enzymes by breaking down. At the end of the process, the starch become soft but the enzymes is not in progress of transforming the starch into sugar. Now the barley grain is knows as green malt. Kilning The next process is kilning. Germination is stopped by drying the green malt on metal shelves in the oven (kiln house) at 50 ° C. The temperature is then raised up to 85 °C to make a light malt, or more upper for a dark malt. It is essential that temperature should be raised slowly for the reason that the enzymes in the grain are not ruined. The malted shoots are separated and then dried malts are stored in grain storage. Even though malted barley is the chief ingredient, unmalted corn, rice or wheat are added sometimes, to create diverse beer flavors in this malting process. At the end of kilning, the product obtained malt. The flavor, color and aroma of the beer would be different as there are variations in the ways of malting the barley. Milling Next process is milling and as the name suggest it is the cracking of the grain which the brewer chooses for the particular batch of beer. Milling the grain allows it to absorb the water which would eventually be mixed in order to let water to extract sugars from the malt. Mashing The following step to milling is Mashing. Mashing is the process of making the finest ground malt into a sweet syrupy fluid. Mashing transforms the starches into sugars that can be fermented and which are released throughout the malting period. The milled grains are released into warm water then are slowly heated to about 75 ° C in a big cooking container so called as mash tun. In this mash tun, the grain and heated water forms a cereal mash which dissolves the starch into the water, converting it into sugar mostly maltose. Water itself is a key ingredient in beer because water is an important part of the brewing process. This water which contains sugar is then strained through the bottom of the mash and is now entitled as wert. Brewing Brewing is one of the most an important process in beer making. The finished grains are drained out and wert are ready for boiling and this consist of several technical and chemical reactions. During this stage, vital judgments are made for the flavor, color and aroma of the beer. Different kinds of hops are added at different times throughout the boil process for either bitterness or aroma and also for preserve it. The wert is boiled for 1 or 2 hours to sterilize and concentrate it and extract the necessary essence from the hops. Cooling Cooling is the next step. The wert is shifted quickly from the brew kettle to filter out the hops through a method, and then it is taken to a heat exchanger for cooled. It is essential to rapidly cool wert to a point where yeast can be securely added, as yeast doesnt grow in high heat. Fermentation Fermentation is a vital step in brewing. The brewer now selects a type of yeast and adds it to the fermentation tank. This is where the real magic of brewing happens when the yeast, eats the sugar in the wert and turns it into alcohol and carbon dioxide. This process takes ten days. The wort finally becomes beer. Maturation Maturation which is also known as racking. The beer has now been brewed, but it can still be improved through maturation. Throughout this stage, the brewer transfers and shelves the beer into a new tank known as the conditioning tank. The brewer then just waits for the beer aging process to complete and thus its flavor also ripens. The liquid clarifies as yeast and other particles settle. Secondary fermentation saturates the beer with carbon dioxide. Finishing Finishing is the end of the brewing process. Here the beer is filtered and carbonated. Additional filtering contributes to the sparkling clarity of beer. The beer is transformed to a holding tank where it kept till it is bottled, canned or put into kegs. Filling systems ensure that air does not come into contact with the beer and is not trapped inside the container. Chemistry of beer What are the different flavor and color of beer and from where does the beer get them? There are many forms of malts. This include pale malts with are dried at a low temperature. Therefore it produces a malt that give the beer a pale golden color and a slightly bready flavor such as a pilsner. (PILSENER: A pale lager with strong flavor of hops; first brewed in the Bohemian town of Pilsen.). Mild ale malts are kilned to a bit higher temperature which produces a pale malt that gives the beer a deeper color and slightly toasted biscuit flavors. Many English ales go for this malt process. Vienna and Munich malts are simmered and lightly kilned thus helps some of the starch to convert more sugar which give the beer an orangey amber color and the classic toffees taste, furthermore nutty flavors of Oktoberfest beer and other Bavarian, German specialties. The highest temperatures are used to acquire very flavorful and aromatic malts. Caramel and Crystal malts are slowly boil until all of their starches are converted into sugars then they are kilned until they caramelize and th is caramel flavored malt gives the beer a reddish-amber color, rich flavors. Kiln the barley longer and at higher temperatures and the darker and roastier the beer will be. Just like higher roasted coffee beans. This will give the beer darker color and chocolate, coffee and espresso-like flavors. What does yeast do in beer? Each brewery has its own strains of yeast, and it is these that largely determine the character of the beer. In some yeast varieties, the cells rise to the top at the end of fermentation, and are then skimmed off. This is called top fermentation, and ales are brewed in this way. When at the end of fermentation the yeast cells sink to the bottom, the process is known as bottom fermentation, used for lager or pils. When ales are brewed yeast commonly used is known as Saccharomyces cerevisia and for lager and pils Saccharomyces calsbergensis. Some special Belgian beers use a third method where fermentation relies on spontaneous action by airborne yeasts. Alcohol percentages of beer worldwide Alcohol percentages vary by country to country. As British ale beer contains average alcohol about 4.4% whereas Belgian beers tend to have average alcohol of about 8%. In India there are 3 common types of beer which include lager beer which consist of around 4% of alcohol, about 8% is premium beer and super strong beer consist of about 15%. The strongest beer sold in Britain was Dogfish Heads which had 21% alcohol in 2003. In Japan in 2005, the Hakusekikan Beer Restaurant sold an eisbock, believed that it had 28% alcohol. The strongest beers sold in 2009 Scotlands Brew Dog Brewing released Tactical Nuclear Penguin, claiming the title of worlds strongest beer at which had 32%. Recently for Brew Dog, Schorschbrà ¤u Brewing from Germany released Schorschbock in January 2010 which consists of about 40% alcohol. Infected beer The diacetyl, light struck, oxidation, esters, phenols, over or under carbonation, acidic are some infection that beer can get. Diacetyl is instigated when there is not sufficient oxygen in wort and high temperature initial fermentation. Light struck is affect the beer when the beer is exposed to light. When air is bonded with beer oxidation takes place and the beer is spoiled which gives the beer a cardboard or paper smell. When Banana, apple flavor comes from beer the beer is affected by esters. Over or under carbonation is caused when the bottles are not sealed properly moreover this can also happen when the yeast added to the beer is wild. When bacterias like lactobacillus and bacillus attack the beer the beer is infected and this is seen when the beer gets acidic. Conclusion

Culture and Motivation :: Business, Employee Motivation

Culture and Motivation According to Robbins, DeCenzo, and Coulter (2011) â€Å"motivation is the process by which a person’s efforts are energized, directed, and sustained toward attaining a goal† (p. 267). Organizations are always looking for new ways to motivate employees. In a global economy it is important to understand that cultural differences can impact how an organization can motivate its employees. Geert Hofstede (as cited in Sledge, Miles, & Coppage, 2008) believed there are five dimensions of culture. These five dimensions are power distance, individualism versus collectivism, uncertainty avoidance, masculinity versus femininity, and Confucian dynamism (p. 1670). This paper will discuss each dimension of culture and how they could effect employee motivation. Power Distance According to Sledge, Miles, and Coppage (2008) power distance is â€Å"the degree to which control and influence are distributed unequally in society† (p. 1670). In a country with a high power distance employees would not feel comfortable voicing their opinions or disagreeing with their managers. Empowering employees would not work well because employees would be scared to take actions on their own. Employees would feel more comfortable with structure and strict procedures. In countries with low power distance managers could benefit from empowering employees. Employees are free to voice their opinions and develop and express new ideas or plans. Empowerment would motivate employees more in a country with low power distance. Individualism versus Collectivism According to Sledge, Miles, and Coppage (2008) individualism versus collectivism is â€Å"the concepts of ‘I and Me’ versus ‘We and Us’† (p. 1670). Some cultures rely heavily on groups and teams. Collective societies look at group accomplishments rather than individual accomplishments. Some countries such as China and Japan rely heavily on groups. Countries like the United States and Canada are more of an individualism society. People focus more on individual accomplishments. Teams have started to become popular in the United States, but are not as effective as in a collective society. In a country where individualism is strong individual recognition and rewards would be effective motivators. Uncertainty Avoidance Sledge, Miles, and Coppage (2008) explain uncertainty avoidance as â€Å"the degree of risk aversion† (1670). In a country with high uncertainty avoidance there may be more policies and procedures in place. In a culture with low uncertainty avoidance companies could empower employees to develop new ideas. Culture and Motivation :: Business, Employee Motivation Culture and Motivation According to Robbins, DeCenzo, and Coulter (2011) â€Å"motivation is the process by which a person’s efforts are energized, directed, and sustained toward attaining a goal† (p. 267). Organizations are always looking for new ways to motivate employees. In a global economy it is important to understand that cultural differences can impact how an organization can motivate its employees. Geert Hofstede (as cited in Sledge, Miles, & Coppage, 2008) believed there are five dimensions of culture. These five dimensions are power distance, individualism versus collectivism, uncertainty avoidance, masculinity versus femininity, and Confucian dynamism (p. 1670). This paper will discuss each dimension of culture and how they could effect employee motivation. Power Distance According to Sledge, Miles, and Coppage (2008) power distance is â€Å"the degree to which control and influence are distributed unequally in society† (p. 1670). In a country with a high power distance employees would not feel comfortable voicing their opinions or disagreeing with their managers. Empowering employees would not work well because employees would be scared to take actions on their own. Employees would feel more comfortable with structure and strict procedures. In countries with low power distance managers could benefit from empowering employees. Employees are free to voice their opinions and develop and express new ideas or plans. Empowerment would motivate employees more in a country with low power distance. Individualism versus Collectivism According to Sledge, Miles, and Coppage (2008) individualism versus collectivism is â€Å"the concepts of ‘I and Me’ versus ‘We and Us’† (p. 1670). Some cultures rely heavily on groups and teams. Collective societies look at group accomplishments rather than individual accomplishments. Some countries such as China and Japan rely heavily on groups. Countries like the United States and Canada are more of an individualism society. People focus more on individual accomplishments. Teams have started to become popular in the United States, but are not as effective as in a collective society. In a country where individualism is strong individual recognition and rewards would be effective motivators. Uncertainty Avoidance Sledge, Miles, and Coppage (2008) explain uncertainty avoidance as â€Å"the degree of risk aversion† (1670). In a country with high uncertainty avoidance there may be more policies and procedures in place. In a culture with low uncertainty avoidance companies could empower employees to develop new ideas.